Don’t be hard on yourself for missing it, because kidney disease has no symptoms even on routine lab tests until it is fairly advanced. Protein in the urine definitely means kidney failure; the kidneys won’t let it through until they start failing.
Strongly second the EC treatment recommedation. A month of pancur brought my bun from 2-3 quarts of water per day to less than 1, which is only slightly abnormal for a Flemish giant.
For diet, keep protein, calcium, and phosphorus low. That means go easy on pellets and avoid alfalfa hay; other common hays are fine. Good veggies are lettuce, especially romaine, cilantro, and bell peppers. Avoid spinach, parsley and basil. Carrots are good for the kidneys but fattening. Fruit treats are usually pretty good on calcium but not always phosphorus although you probably shouldn’t give enough to make a difference. My bun starting peeing a lot more when I gave him a lot of watermelon rind – I checked that it wasn’t bad on sugar or calcium, but it has a lot of phosphorus. Whoops. I stopped it and he went back to less than a quart.
In people kidney disease can be stable for many years if they are strict with diet and treat the underlying cause. Nobody has done studies on buns but don’t give up.