I’m so sorry to hear this. This is unfortunately not super-uncommon in very young rabbits and it’s not something you did, and it is REALLY difficult and requires both good care and lots of good luck to save a very young bunny that has come down with diarrhea.
If you want to read about this, here’s a good article by Dana Krempels, a biologist who is like THE expert on bunny health:
Loose stools baby bun
Scroll to “Runny Stools: When things go wrong”.
Coccidosis, caused by a micro-organism, that D Krempels mention at the end of the section, is not uncommon in rabbits from rabbitries. I would not rule out the possibility that the breeder has this problem in his/her rabbitry. It’s difficult to get rid of. I’d recommend you choose another breeder or adopt a more mature bunny, if you want to open your home to another bun. (This is perhaps not sth you want to think about now, so close after this tragic event.)
If you adopt a more mature rabbit, it’s unlikely you’ll have to go through this again, because true diarrhea is as a rule a disease of the very young.
Thank you for taking this bun to the ER vet and for doing all you could for him.